Handle Materials
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The following is a list of commonly used handle materials, along with some not so common for comparative purposes.
The density is given in grams per cubic centimeter.
Ultimate tensile strength is a measure of how much pressure it takes to stretch a material until it breaks. This is important, because when a material is bent, it will compress on one side and stretch on the other. If it breaks, it will break on the stretched side. Therefore, higher tensile strength = tougher material (in general).
Tensile yield is how much pressure it takes to stretch a material till it deforms irreversibly.
Elongation is how far a material stretches until it breaks. In very rubbery materials, this may be more important than tensile strength.
Plastics
http://k-mac-plastics.com
http://www.mcmaster.com/#8574kac/=la79ax
http://www.makeitfrom.com
Carbon Fiber 1.661g/cm-3 Woven mats of graphite fibers, bound with epoxy.
G-10 / FR-4 1.850 g/cm-3 Part of a family of glass epoxy laminates (Fiber Reenforced Plastic). FR-4 is a fire retardant variant of G-10.
Epoxy 1.3 g/cm3
Polyoxymethylene, POM, Acetal, 1.410-1.420 g/cm3
Acetal Homopolymer (POM-H, Delrin)
Polyethylene 0.95 g/cm3
UHMW Polyethylene
Phenol Formaldehyde (PF, Phenolic) 1.3 g/cm3
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2.2 g/cm3
Polyamide-imide (Torlon PAI) Expensive
Polyamide (PA, Nylon) 1.14 g/cm3
Nylon 6/6
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 0.047lbs/in3
Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO, Noryl) 1.08 g/cm3
Valox® Glass reinforced PBT and or PET.
Valox 420PBT 1.53 g/cc
Zytel® Glass reinforced Nylon 6/6
101L NC010
Kraton® Synthetic Rubber. Normally used as a coating to improve grip.
D1101
Micarta Originally paper or cotten impregnated with phenolic resin and cured under heat and pressure. Now a general term for any fibrous material impregnated with either a phenolic resin or epoxy binder, including G-10 and FR-4.
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC, PVC-C) 1.5 g/cm3
Polyamide-Imide (PAI, Torlon) 1.45 g/cm-3
TORLON 4203
Metals
Aluminum 2.70 g·cm−3
2011-T3
Titanium 4.506 g·cm−3
Grade 2
Zamak 6.8 g cm-3
Zamak2
Steel 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm3
A36
[*]Tensile Strength Ultimate 620 MPa
[*]Yield 240 MPa [*]Elongation 35 % [/list]
316
Brass 8.4 to 8.73 g cm-3
230-H04
464
The following is a list of commonly used handle materials, along with some not so common for comparative purposes.
The density is given in grams per cubic centimeter.
Ultimate tensile strength is a measure of how much pressure it takes to stretch a material until it breaks. This is important, because when a material is bent, it will compress on one side and stretch on the other. If it breaks, it will break on the stretched side. Therefore, higher tensile strength = tougher material (in general).
Tensile yield is how much pressure it takes to stretch a material till it deforms irreversibly.
Elongation is how far a material stretches until it breaks. In very rubbery materials, this may be more important than tensile strength.
Plastics
http://k-mac-plastics.com
http://www.mcmaster.com/#8574kac/=la79ax
http://www.makeitfrom.com
Carbon Fiber 1.661g/cm-3 Woven mats of graphite fibers, bound with epoxy.
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 827-1,206 MPa
G-10 / FR-4 1.850 g/cm-3 Part of a family of glass epoxy laminates (Fiber Reenforced Plastic). FR-4 is a fire retardant variant of G-10.
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 241-345 MPa
Epoxy 1.3 g/cm3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 67 MPa,
- Elongation 4.5 %
- Adhesive Tensile Lap Shear 15.51 MPa
- Elongation 1%
- Impact Strength 6.5 ft.lb/inch
Polyoxymethylene, POM, Acetal, 1.410-1.420 g/cm3
Acetal Homopolymer (POM-H, Delrin)
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 68.9 MPa
- Elongation 70 %
- Impact Strength 1 - 2.4 ft.lb/inch
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 60 to 110 MPa
- Elongation 3 to 75 %
- Impact Strength 1 - 1.8 ft.lb/inch
Polyethylene 0.95 g/cm3
UHMW Polyethylene
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 17-53 MPa
- Elongation 400 %
- Impact Strength NB
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 20 MPa
Phenol Formaldehyde (PF, Phenolic) 1.3 g/cm3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 48 MPa,
- Elongation 2 %
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2.2 g/cm3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 23 MPa
- Elongation 300%
Polyamide-imide (Torlon PAI) Expensive
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 103 MPa - 138 MPa
Polyamide (PA, Nylon) 1.14 g/cm3
Nylon 6/6
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 77.22 MPa
- Elongation 4 to 20 %
- Impact Strength .6-1.4 ft.lb/inch
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 40 to 62 MPa
- Elongation 25%
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 0.047lbs/in3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 100 MPa
- Elongation 40 % 0.8-1.57
Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO, Noryl) 1.08 g/cm3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 60 MPa
- Elongation 25 %
Valox® Glass reinforced PBT and or PET.
Valox 420PBT 1.53 g/cc
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 120 MPa
- Elongation 2%
- Impact Strength 1.50 ft-lb/in
Zytel® Glass reinforced Nylon 6/6
101L NC010
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 77 MPa
- Impact Strength .2.1 ft.lb/inch
Kraton® Synthetic Rubber. Normally used as a coating to improve grip.
D1101
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 33 MPa
- Elongation 880%
Micarta Originally paper or cotten impregnated with phenolic resin and cured under heat and pressure. Now a general term for any fibrous material impregnated with either a phenolic resin or epoxy binder, including G-10 and FR-4.
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC, PVC-C) 1.5 g/cm3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 50 MPa
- Elongation 4%
Polyamide-Imide (PAI, Torlon) 1.45 g/cm-3
TORLON 4203
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 124 MPa
- Elongation 10%
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 82.7 MPa
- Elongation 3%
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 103 MPa
- Elongation 3%
Metals
Aluminum 2.70 g·cm−3
2011-T3
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 380 MPa,
- Yield 296 MPa
- Elongation 15 %
- Brinell 95
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 485 MPa
- Yield 345 MPa.
- Elongation 17%.
- Brinell 120 2024-T4
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 470 MPa
- Yield 325 MPa
- Elongation 19 %
- Brinell 120
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 200 MPa,
- Yield 185 MPa
- Elongation 10 %
- Brinell 55
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 230 MPa
- Yield 195 MPa,
- Elongation 18 %
- Brinell 60
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 352 MPa
- Brinell 125
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 310 MPa
- Yield 276 MPa.
- Elongation 14 %
- Brinell 95
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 186 MPa
- Yield 145 MPa,
- Elongation 12 %
- Brinell 60
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 572 MPa
- Yield 505 MPa.
- Elongation 11%.
- Brinell 150
Titanium 4.506 g·cm−3
Grade 2
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 430 MPa
- Yield 345 MPa
- Elongation 28 %
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 1170 MPa
- Yield 1100 MPa
- Elongation 10 %
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 690 MPa
- Yield 590 MPa
- Elongation 20 %
Zamak 6.8 g cm-3
Zamak2
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 397 MPa,
- Yield 361 MPa,
- Elongation 6%,
- Impact strength 38 J (7 J aged)
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 268 MPa,
- Yield 208 MPa,
- Elongation 6.3%
- Impact strength 46 J (56 J aged)
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 317 MPa,
- Yield 269 MPa,
- Elongation 7%,
- Impact strength 61 J (7 J aged)
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 331 MPa
- Yield 295 MPa,
- Elongation 2%,
- Impact strength 52 J (56 J aged)
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 285 MPa,
- Yield 285 MPa,
- Elongation 14%,
- Impact strength 58.0 J
Steel 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm3
A36
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 248 MPa
[*]Tensile Strength Ultimate 620 MPa
[*]Yield 240 MPa [*]Elongation 35 % [/list]
316
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 585 to 660 MPa
- Yield 270 to 470 MPa
- Elongation 40 to 65%
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 690 MPa,
- Yield 550 MPa,
- Elongation 12%
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 1720 MPa,
- Yield 1480 MPa
- Elongation 8%
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 690 MPa
- Elongation 15%
Brass 8.4 to 8.73 g cm-3
230-H04
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 395 MPa
- Yield 340 MPa,
- Elongation 12 %
- Rockwell B65
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 425 MPa
- Yield 360 MPa
- Elongation 23 %
- Rockwell B70 360-H02
- Tensile Strength Ultimate 310 MPa
- Elongation 20 %
464